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MTU digitalizes a 50-year-old engine

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MTU digitalizes a 50-year-old engine

Augmented reality is simplifying maintenance on the propulsion system for the CH-53G transport helicopter.

02.2021 | author: Thorsten Rienth | 4 mins reading time

author:
Thorsten Rienth writes as a freelance journalist for AEROREPORT. In addition to the aerospace industry, his technical writing focuses on rail traffic and the transportation industry.

Kopf

Before the “bearing 4” seals on the two T64 engines that power a Sikorsky CH-53G can be changed, the helicopter must first be taken out of operation. Next, the two engines must be removed and transported to the shop, where the seal is replaced on each. Then the whole process is repeated in reverse. “These kinds of seal changes are very few and far between,” says Bernhard Niklas, program manager T64/T62 services at MTU Aero Engines. “But when they do have to be done, it’s a huge job.” The German Armed Forces had a couple of suggestions: How about using animation to support the task? And why not then integrate it into their technical documentation process?

Hundreds of photos replace meter-long scanner

This is where Thomas Staak, who heads the Technical Documentation department at MTU Aero Engines, comes in. For several years now, he’s been looking at ways to take maintenance measures, assembly steps and quality inspections to a whole new level. Augmented reality, mixed reality and virtual reality, or AR, MR and VR, are three approaches already showing promise.

Initial proofs of concept have already established the feasibility of using AR to support the repair of thrust nozzles. AR applications have also been tested for use in quality inspection for certain work steps in the assembly of the PW1100G-JM engine that powers the Airbus A320neo—specifically to check the correct positioning of brackets. Plus, an animation for the assembly of the T408 engine with interactive commands is currently under development. Another project in commercial assembly of the A320neo engine is looking to introduce HoloLens mixed reality glasses. Once internal approval is granted to use the AR glasses in-house at MTU, a pilot project will begin. The application of AR technology is expected to reduce assembly errors, increase the efficiency of the process and speed up certification on the engine. What it comes down to is whether the assembly mechanics can see AR adding significant value to their work.

The next level

The first step is to take hundreds of individual and overlapping photos of the engine. To digitize the interior, the technicians dismantled the T64 especially for the “photo shoot.”

To the naked eye, the engine is hard to make out, but in fact, this model incorporates 2D photos of the T64 from every conceivable angle. The camera-based data from the engine is first used to create point clouds, which in turn are converted into highly accurate 3D polygon meshes.

The initial 3D model was created from the 3D polygon meshes using the graphics software. Cleaned up and simplified, it still appears somewhat skeletal, but now the fine-tuning can begin.

The 3D model, which was simplified and tweaked in the third step, now serves as the basis for editing details and making the digital engine appear as realistic as possible. Extra colors and surfaces that correspond to the real T64 were added to the software beforehand.

Finally, a completed model of the engine floats in the animation software. This digital twin offers a 360° view in 3D and now serves as the basis for creating individual animations. These are particularly useful in illustrating to mechanics how to manipulate the components and carry out work on the engine.

First step:
Second step:
Third step:
Fourth step:
Digital twin:

First step: The 2D photos of the “real” engine are the basis for the next step in the digitalization process.

Second step: In virtual reality, photogrammetry is an extremely important tool that helps in creating initial, realistic 3D models.

Third step: In the initial digital model, technicians smooth out its contours and remove the colors.

Fourth step: A screenshot from the program shows the variety of surfaces and colors that can be assigned to the digital engine.

Digital twin: Animations are now created from this virtual T64.

But as so often is the case, what sounds simple in theory is a whole different ball game in practice. Not because Staak and his team don’t know how to create animations, but because when the CH-53G went into production back in the 1960s, no 3D data was created using computer aided design (CAD) as would usually be the case today. This leaves the team without a data basis from which to start. They can, however, create the data themselves by working backwards—and that is precisely what they did.

This alternative approach took several days and involved taking hundreds of individual and overlapping photos of the engine from every conceivable angle. To capture the components inside the engine that are of key relevance to replacing the seals, the engineers partially dismantled the engine. “We then used software to convert the 2D images into a 3D model of the engine to make a kind of ‘light’ version of a digital twin,” Staak explains.

Fortunately, the developers don’t (yet) require full depth of detail. “This isn’t about millimeter precision. What matters most is that the engine mechanics can grasp what’s going on in the aminations at first glance without any scope for misunderstanding,” Artificial intelligence (AI) software is also a great help here. “Today’s technology makes it possible to rework a lot of things automatically, such as unfavorable lighting or shadowing,” Staak says.

Correct measurement: The animation explains each step for correctly measuring the carbon seal in the sump cover of the T64.

The next stage: interactive electronic technical manual (IETM)

At the end of their joint development project, the German Armed Forces and MTU put together step-by-step instructions on how to change the seals. “These are a useful aid that mechanics can refer to at any time, helping to facilitate and speed up the work steps they perform while also reducing the scope for error,” Niklas explains. Displayed on a tablet or similar device next to the mechanic, the animation shows the correct assembly location, the position of the next component, which tool to use, and parameters such as the necessary and permissible torque. If anything is unclear, the mechanic can simply replay the work step. An interactive electronic technical manual, or IETM, makes all the difference.

Looking further into the future, Staak says: “When we take things to the next stage, the tablet might even become surplus to requirements if, say, we play the animations through augmented reality glasses and make them voice-controlled.” Creating the animation in the first place naturally ties up a great deal of resources, he explains. “But the advantages for the repair shop are huge.”

In the case of the T64 seal replacements, the German Armed Forces and MTU have now reached the next, possibly even final step: “We’re already looking at how to integrate the animations into our partner’s operations,” Niklas says. He’s convinced that all the time and resources invested will be worth it. “An engine like the T64 is expected and likely to remain in service for another decade or so, which leaves us plenty of time to amortize the costs.”

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